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Synonyms for member of parliament include legislator, minister, politician, backbencher, frontbencher, MP, parliamentarian, congressman, representative and lawmaker. E-Paper service at the Library of the Indonesian House of Representatives (also known as the DPR RI library) provides information on Indonesia's latest issues for experts and parliament members. The service served its main purpose as information support for decision-making and the law and regulation-making processes. This study audited the information resources management on E-Paper services.

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Office of the Clerk and Parliamentary Service – Accessibility Policy

This policy applies to the two parliamentary agencies (the Parliamentary Service and the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives).

The parliamentary agencies recognise the importance of working alongside persons with disabilities to improve the accessibility of Parliament. The agencies will support persons with disabilities to access and participate in Parliament as citizens, workers, and members of Parliament.

A key concept in this policy is 'reasonable accommodation', as defined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (ratified by New Zealand, 26 September 2008).

Reasonable accommodation means 'necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.' [Article 2]

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The parliamentary agencies will adhere to the following principles:

Parliamentary proceedings and information about Parliament are accessible

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• Members of Parliament with disabilities can access and participate in parliamentary proceedings;
• Identified barriers to the public’s participation in parliamentary proceedings are removed;
• Reasonable accommodation will be made for persons with disabilities to participate in parliamentary proceedings;
• Information about Parliament is made publicly available;
• The accessibility of information about Parliament is regularly reviewed and improved.

The parliamentary precincts are accessible

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• The physical accessibility of the Parliamentary precinct is regularly reviewed and improved;
• Barriers to the physical accessibility of Parliament are identified and where possible progressively removed;
• Accessibility is a core consideration for future improvements and alterations to the parliamentary precincts.

Parliament is an accessible workplace

• The parliamentary agencies welcome job applications from all members of society, including from persons with disabilities;
• The agencies will ensure that no applicant or employee unjustifiably receives less favourable treatment on the grounds of disability;

Reasonable accommodation will be made for employees or preferred applicants with disabilities to allow them to perform their role.

Related links

Note: The below document(s) are provided as an Adobe PDF (PortableDocument Format) file. you can download a free viewer for PDF files from Adobe's web site.

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• Office of the Clerk and Parliamentary Service - Accessibility Policy (2017)

The executive is organized very differently in a parliamentary system. In the United Kingdom, whose Westminster system has been adopted in many countries, the executive branch is not entirely separate from the legislative branch. On the contrary, the British cabinet may be described as the leading committee of Parliament. Formerly, the British prime minister, the head of the government, could sit in either the House of Lords or the House of Commons, but contemporary convention dictates that he serve as a member of the House of Commons. The other ministers who make up the cabinet must be members of one or the other house of Parliament. If the prime minister wishes someone who is not in Parliament to serve in the cabinet, he must either appoint him to the peerage or find a vacancy in the House of Commons to which he can be elected.

Whereas the doctrine of separation of powers in the U.S. system does not require the executive branch to hold a majority in the legislature, in Great Britain the ministers of the crown hold office only so long as they enjoy the support of a majority in the House of Commons. A cabinet that loses such support must resign and permit others to form a government.

It follows that in the British system the prime minister and the cabinet are fully in charge of Parliament. They are responsible, as the guiding committee of Parliament, for the preparation and enactment of most legislation and of the budget. There can be no permanent or serious conflict between the House of Commons and the cabinet, for responsibility means that the government of the day must either prevail or give way to another government. Thus, the deadlocks between the chief executive and the Congress that occur from time to time in the United States cannot occur in the British system.

Many parliamentary systems, however, lack the two-party system that typifies Britain’s model of parliamentarism. Although there are in fact more than two parties in Britain, one party almost always holds a majority of seats, which thus enables the cabinet to be formed by ministers from a single party and prevents changes in the partisan complexion of the government between elections. Unless the government loses its majority before the next election (as a result of defections in the legislature or of by-elections to fill vacancies caused by death or resignation), the only event that can produce a change of government is an election that results in a legislative majority for another party.

In contrast, many other countries possess parliamentary systems in which it is rare for a single party to obtain a majority of seats. In such systems the cabinet may be formed by a coalition of two or more parties, or it may be formed by a party that lacks a majority in the parliament. Because a party may withdraw from a coalition over a policy or some other issue, and because the opposition may demonstrate through a vote of no confidence that the government has lost its majority, it is possible for the government to change between elections. In some of these countries, however, it is also possible for a government to persist in office despite a lack of majority support. In countries that have adopted a “constructive” vote of no confidence, for example, a government may be removed by the legislature between elections by a majority vote of no confidence only if a majority also elects a successor government. The constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany was the first to require a constructive vote of no confidence, its authors hoping to avoid the frequent votes of no confidence (without majority agreement on a replacement) that had typified executive-legislative relations during the Weimar Republic (1919–33). Constructive votes of no confidence also have been adopted in Hungary and Spain.

Parliamentary systems also vary in the role performed by the head of state. In constitutional monarchies the monarch occupies office by virtue of heredity. In parliamentary republics the head of state is usually a president. Presidents in parliamentary systems may be elected by direct popular vote (e.g., Ireland), by the legislature (e.g., the Czech Republic and Israel), or by an electoral college that consists of members of the legislature as well as delegates of regional assemblies (e.g., Germany, India, and Italy). They usually serve for fixed terms that are longer than the term of the parliament, and they may have some discretion in the appointment of a prime minister or the dissolution of the parliament.