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Douglas Adams

Douglas Adams signing books at ApacheCon 2000
Born:	March 11, 1952 Cambridge, England
Died:	May 11, 2001 Santa Barbara, California
Occupation(s):	comedy writer, novelist, dramatist, fantasist
Genre(s):	Science fiction, Comedy
Influences:	Monty Python, Kurt Vonnegut, P. G. Wodehouse
Website:	douglasadams.com

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Douglas Noël Adams ( March 11, 1952 – May 11, 2001) was a British author, comic radio dramatist, and amateur musician. He is known most notably as author of the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series. Hitchhiker's began on radio, and developed into a 'trilogy' of five books (which sold more than fifteen million copies during his lifetime) as well as a television series, a towel, a comic book series, a computer game and a feature film that was completed after Adams's death. He was known to some fans as Bop Ad (after his illegible signature), or by his initials ' DNA'.

In addition to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Douglas Adams wrote or co-wrote three stories of the science fiction television series Doctor Who, and served the series as Script Editor during the seventeenth season. His other written works include the Dirk Gently novels, and co-author credits on two Liff books and Last Chance to See, itself based on a radio series. Adams also originated the idea for the computer game Starship Titanic, which was realized by a company that Adams co-founded, and adapted into a novel by Terry Jones. A posthumous collection of essays and other material, including an incomplete novel, was published as The Salmon of Doubt in 2002.

His fans and friends also knew Adams as an environmental activist, a self-described 'radical atheist' and a lover of fast cars, cameras, the Macintosh computer, and other 'techno gizmos.' He was a keen technologist, using such inventions as e-mail and Usenet before they became widely popular, or even widely known.

Toward the end of his life, he was a sought-after lecturer on topics including technology and the environment. Since his death at the age of 49, he is still widely revered in science fiction and fantasy fandom circles.

Early life

Douglas Adams was born to Janet (Donovan) Adams (now Janet Thrift) and Christopher Douglas Adams in Cambridge, England. His parents had one other child together, Susan, who was born in March 1955. His parents separated and divorced in 1957, and Douglas, Susan, and Janet moved in with Janet's parents, the Donovans, in Brentwood, Essex. Douglas's grandmother kept her house as an official RSPCA refuge for hurt animals, which 'exacerbated young Douglas's hayfever and asthma.'

Christopher Adams remarried in July 1960, to Mary Judith Stewart (born Judith Robertson). From this marriage, Douglas Adams had a half-sister, Heather. Janet remarried in 1964, to a veterinarian, Ron Thrift, providing two more half-siblings to Douglas; Jane and James Thrift.

Education and early works

Adams first attended Primrose Hill Primary School in Brentwood. He took the exams and interviewed for Brentwood School at age six, and attended the Preparatory School from 1959 to 1964, then the main school until 1970. He was in the top stream, and specialised in the arts in the sixth form, after which he stayed an extra term in a special seventh form class, customary in the school for those preparing for Oxbridge entrance exams.

While at the Preparatory school, he had an English class, taught by Frank Halford, where Halford awarded Adams the only ten out of ten of his entire teaching career for a creative writing exercise. Adams remembered this for the rest of his life, especially when facing writer's block. Some of Adams's earliest writing was published at the school, such as a report on the school's Photography Club in The Brentwoodian (in 1962) or spoof reviews in the school magazine Broadsheet (edited by Paul Neil Milne Johnstone). Adams also had a letter and short story published nationally in the UK in the boys' magazine The Eagle in 1965. He met Griff Rhys Jones, who was in the year below, at the school, and was in the same class as 'Stuckist' artist Charles Thomson; all three appeared together in a production of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar in 1968. He was six feet tall (1.83 m) by the time he was 12, and he stopped growing only at 6'5' (1.96 m). Later, he would often make self-ironic jokes about his own towering stature, '...the form-master wouldn't say 'Meet under the clock tower,' or 'Meet under the War Memorial,' but 'Meet under Adams.'

On the strength of a bravura essay on religious poetry that mixed the Beatles with William Blake, he was awarded a place at St John's College, Cambridge to read English, entering in 1971. Adams attempted early on to get into the Footlights Dramatic Club, with which several other names in British Comedy had been affiliated. He was, however, turned down, and started to write and perform in revues with Will Adams (no relation) and Martin Smith, forming a group called 'Adams-Smith-Adams.' Later, on another attempt to join Footlights, Adams was encouraged by Simon Jones and found himself working with Rhys Jones, among others. In 1974, Adams graduated with a B.A. in English literature.

Some of his early work appeared on BBC2 (television) in 1974, in an edited version of the Footlights Revue from Cambridge, that year. A version of the same revue performed live in London's West End led to Adams being 'discovered' by Monty Python's Graham Chapman. The two formed a brief writing partnership, and Adams earned a writing credit in one episode (episode 45: 'Party Political Broadcast on Behalf of the Liberal Party') of Monty Python's Flying Circus for a sketch called ' Patient Abuse.' In the sketch, a man who had been stabbed by a nurse arrives at his doctor's office bleeding profusely from the stomach, when the doctor makes him fill out numerous senseless forms before he can administer treatment (a joke he later incorporated into the Vogons' obsession with paperwork). Adams also contributed to a sketch on the album for Monty Python and the Holy Grail.

Douglas also had two 'blink and you miss them' appearances in the fourth series of Monty Python's Flying Circus. At the beginning of Episode 42, 'The Light Entertainment War,' Adams is in a surgeon's mask (as Dr. Emile Koning, according to the on-screen captions), pulling on gloves, while Michael Palin narrates a sketch that introduces one person after another, and never actually gets started. At the beginning of Episode 44, 'Mr Neutron,' Adams is dressed in a ' pepperpot' outfit and loads a missile onto a cart, driven by Terry Jones, who is calling out for scrap metal ('Any old iron...'). The two episodes were first broadcast in November 1974. Adams and Chapman also attempted a few non-Python projects, including Out of the Trees.

Some of Adams's early radio work included sketches for The Burkiss Way in 1977 and The News Huddlines. He also co-wrote, again with Graham Chapman, the 20 February 1977 episode of Doctor on the Go, a sequel to the Doctor in the House television comedy series.

As Adams had difficulty selling his jokes and stories, he took a series of 'odd jobs' in order to have some income. A biography from an early edition of one of the HHGG novels provides the following description of his early career:

After graduation he spent several years contributing material to radio and television shows as well as writing, performing, and sometimes directing stage revues in London, Cambridge and at the Edinburgh Fringe. He has also worked at various times as a hospital porter, barn builder, chicken shed cleaner, bodyguard, radio producer and script editor of Doctor Who.

Adams held the job as a bodyguard in the mid-1970s. He was employed by an Arab family, which had made its fortune in oil (and were from Qatar, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica). He had a couple of favourite anecdotes about the job: one story related that the family once ordered one of everything from a hotel's menu, tried all of the dishes, and sent out for hamburgers. Another story had to do with a prostitute, sent to the floor Adams was guarding one evening. They acknowledged each other as she entered, and an hour later, when she left, she is said to have remarked, 'At least you can read while you're on the job.'

In 1979, Adams and John Lloyd wrote the scripts for two half-hour episodes of Doctor Snuggles: 'The Remarkable Fidgety River' and 'The Great Disappearing Mystery' (episodes seven and twelve). John Lloyd was also co-author of two episodes from the original 'Hitchhiker' radio series (Fit the Fifth and Fit the Sixth (also known as Episodes Five and Six, see explanation below)), as well as The Meaning of Liff and The Deeper Meaning of Liff. Lloyd and Adams also collaborated on an SF movie comedy project based on The Guinness Book of World Records, which would have starred John Cleese as the UN Secretary General, and had a race of aliens beating humans in athletic competitions, but the humans winning in all of the 'absurd' record categories. This latter project never proceeded past a treatment.

After the first radio series of The Hitchhiker's Guide became successful, Adams was made a BBC radio producer, working on Week Ending and a pantomime called Black Cinderella Two Goes East. He left the position after six months to become the script editor for Doctor Who.

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy was a concept for a science-fiction comedy radio series pitched by Adams and radio producer Simon Brett to BBC Radio 4 in 1977. Adams came up with an outline for a pilot episode, as well as a few other stories (reprinted in Neil Gaiman's book Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion) that could potentially be used in the series.

According to Adams, the idea for the title The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy occurred to him while he lay drunk in a field in Innsbruck, Austria (though he joked that the BBC would instead claim it was Spain 'probably because it's easier to spell'), gazing at the stars. He had been wandering the countryside while carrying a book called the Hitch-hiker's Guide to Europe when he ran into a town where, as he humourously describes, everyone was either 'deaf' and 'dumb' or only spoke languages he could not. After wandering around and drinking for a while, he went to sleep in the middle of a field and was inspired by his inability to communicate with the townspeople. He later said that due to his constantly retelling this story of inspiration, he no longer had any memory of the moment of inspiration itself, and only remembered his retellings of that moment. A postscript to M. J. Simpson's biography of Adams, Hitchhiker, provides evidence that the story was in fact a fabrication and that Adams had conceived the idea some time after his trip around Europe.

Despite the original outline, Adams was said to make up the stories as he wrote. He turned to John Lloyd for help with the final two episodes of the first series. Lloyd contributed bits from an unpublished science fiction book of his own, called GiGax. However, very little of Lloyd's material survived in later adaptations of Hitchhiker's, such as the novels and the TV series. The TV series itself was based on the first six radio episodes, but sections contributed by Lloyd were largely re-written.

BBC Radio 4 broadcast the first radio series weekly in the UK in March and April 1978. Following the success of the first series, another episode was recorded and broadcast, which was commonly known as the Christmas Episode. A second series of five episodes was broadcast one per night, during the week of 21 January - 25 January 1980.

While working on the radio series (and with simultaneous projects such as The Pirate Planet) Adams developed problems keeping to writing deadlines that only got worse as he published novels. Adams was never a prolific writer and usually had to be forced by others to do any writing. This included being locked in a hotel suite with his editor for three weeks to ensure that So Long, and Thanks For All the Fish was completed. He was quoted as saying, 'I love deadlines. I love the whooshing noise they make as they go by.' Despite the difficulty with deadlines, Adams eventually authored five novels in the series, published in 1979, 1980, 1982, 1984 and 1992.

The books formed the basis for other adaptations, such as three-part comic book adaptations for each of the first three books, an interactive text-adventure computer game, and a photo-illustrated edition, published in 1994. This latter edition featured a 42 Puzzle designed by Adams, which was later incorporated into paperback covers of the first four 'Hitchhiker's' novels (the paperback for the fifth re-used the artwork from the hardcover edition). Adams also began attempts to turn the first Hitchhiker's novel into a movie in 1980, making several trips to Los Angeles, California, and working with a number of Hollywood studios and potential producers. When he died in 2001 in California, he had been trying again to get the movie project started with Disney, which had bought the rights in 1998. The screenplay finally got a posthumous re-write by Karey Kirkpatrick, was green-lit in September 2003, and the resulting movie was released in 2005.

Radio Producer Dirk Maggs had consulted with Adams, first in 1993, and later in 1997 and 2000 about creating a third radio series, based on the third novel in the Hitchhiker's series. They also vaguely discussed the possibilities of radio adaptations of the final two novels in the five-book 'trilogy.' As with the movie, this project was only realized after Adams's death. The third series, The Tertiary Phase, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in September 2004 and was subsequently released on audio CD. Douglas Adams himself can be heard playing the part of Agrajag. So Long, and Thanks For All the Fish and Mostly Harmless made up the fourth and fifth radio series, respectively (on radio they were titled The Quandary Phase and The Quintessential Phase) and these were broadcast in May and June of 2005, and also subsequently released on Audio CD. The last episode in the last series (with a new, 'more upbeat' ending) concluded with, 'The very final episode of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams is affectionately dedicated to its author.'

More recently, the film makers at Smoov Filmz adapted the anecdote that Arthur Dent relates about biscuits in So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish into a short film called 'Cookies.' Adams also discussed the real-life episode that inspired the anecdote in a 2001 speech, reprinted in his posthumous collection The Salmon of Doubt. He also told the story on the radio programme It Makes Me Laugh on 19 July 1981.

Doctor Who

Adams sent the script for the HHGG pilot radio programme to the Doctor Who production office in 1978, and was commissioned to write The Pirate Planet (see below). He had also previously attempted to submit a potential movie script, called 'Doctor Who and the Krikkitmen,' which later became his novel Life, the Universe, and Everything (which in turn became the third Hitchhiker's Guide radio series). Adams then went on to serve as script editor on the show for its seventeenth season in 1979. Altogether, he wrote three Doctor Who serials starring Tom Baker as the Doctor:

• The Pirate Planet (the second serial in the ' Key To Time' arc, in Season 16)
• City of Death (with producer Graham Williams, from an original storyline by writer David Fisher. It was transmitted under the pseudonym ' David Agnew')
• Shada (only partially filmed and not broadcast due to industrial disputes)

Adams was also known to allow in-jokes from The Hitchhiker's Guide to appear in the Doctor Who stories he wrote and other stories on which he served as Script Editor. Subsequent writers have also inserted Hitchhiker's references, even as recently as 2005. Conversely, at least one reference to Doctor Who was worked into a Hitchhiker's novel. In Life, the Universe and Everything, two characters travel in time and land on the pitch at Lord's Cricket Ground. The reaction of the radio commentators to their sudden appearance is very similar to the reactions of commentators in a scene in the eighth episode of the 1965-66 story The Daleks' Master Plan, which has the Doctor's TARDIS materialise on the pitch at Lord's.

Elements of Shada and City of Death were reused in Adams's later novel Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency, in particular the character of Professor Chronotis, and Dirk Gently himself clearly fills much the same plot role as the Doctor (though the character is very different). Big Finish Productions eventually remade Shada as an audio play starring Paul McGann as the Doctor. Accompanied by partially animated illustrations, it was webcast on the BBCi website in 2003, and subsequently released as a two-CD set later that year. An omnibus edition of this version was broadcast on the digital radio station BBC7 on 10 December 2005.

Adams is credited with introducing a fan and later friend of his, the zoologist Richard Dawkins, to Dawkins' future wife, Lalla Ward, who had played the part of Romana in Doctor Who. Dawkins confirmed this in his published eulogy of Adams.

When he was at school, he wrote and performed a play called Doctor Which.

Music

Adams played the guitar left-handed and had a collection of twenty-four left-handed guitars when he died in 2001 (having received his first guitar in 1964). He also studied piano in the 1960s with the same teacher as Paul Wickens, the pianist who later played in Paul McCartney's band (and composed the music for the 2004-2005 editions of the Hitchhiker's Guide radio series). The Beatles, Pink Floyd and Procol Harum all had great influence on Adams's work.

Pink Floyd

Adams included a direct reference to Pink Floyd in the original radio version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, in which he describes the main characters surveying the landscape of an alien planet while Marvin, their android companion, hums Pink Floyd's ' Shine on You Crazy Diamond'. See also Pink Floyd trivia or Hitchhiker's radio series trivia.

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Adams's official biography shares its name with the song ' Wish You Were Here' by Pink Floyd. Adams was friendly with their guitarist David Gilmour and, on the occasion of his 42nd birthday (the number 42 having especial significance, being The Answer to Life, the Universe and Everything and also Adams' age when his daughter Polly was born), was invited to make a guest appearance at their October 28, 1994 concert at Earls Court in London, playing rhythm guitar on the songs ' Brain Damage' and ' Eclipse'. Adams chose the name for Pink Floyd's 1994 album, The Division Bell by picking the words from the lyrics to one of its tracks, namely 'High Hopes'. Gilmour also performed at Adams's Memorial Service.

Pink Floyd and their lavish stage shows were also the inspiration for the Adams-created fictional rock band ' Disaster Area', described in the Hitchhiker's Guide as not only the loudest rock band in the galaxy, but in fact the loudest noise of any kind at all. One element of Disaster Area's stage show was to send a space ship hurtling into a sun, probably inspired by the plane that would crash into the stage during some of Pink Floyd's live shows, usually at the end of ' On the Run'. The 1968 Pink Floyd song ' Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun' may also have influenced part of the ideas behind Disaster Area.

Procol Harum

Douglas Adams was a good friend of Gary Brooker, the lead singer, pianist and songwriter of the progressive rock band Procol Harum. Adams is known to have invited Brooker to one of the many parties that Adams held at his house. On one such occasion Gary Brooker performed the full (4 verse) version of his hit song ' A Whiter Shade of Pale'. Brooker also performed at Adams's Memorial Service.

Adams also appeared on stage with Brooker to perform 'In Held Twas in I' at Redhill when the band's lyricist Keith Reid was not available. On several other occasions he had been known to introduce Procol Harum at their gigs.

Adams also let it be known that while writing he would listen to music, and this would occasionally influence his work. On one occasion the title track from the Procol Harum album Grand Hotel was playing when...

“	Suddenly in the middle of the song there was this huge orchestral climax that came out of nowhere and didn't seem to be about anything. I kept wondering what was this huge thing happening in the background? And I eventually thought ... it sounds as if there ought to be some sort of floorshow going on. Something huge and extraordinary, like, well, like the end of the universe. And so that was where the idea for The Restaurant at the End of the Universe came from.	„
—Douglas Adams, Procol Harum at The Barbican

Other musical links

Adams made a number of references to music and musicians who had influenced his work through his books. In the Hitchhiker's Guide series, examples include one of the two mice, in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, suggesting that as they have not found the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything, they should instead make it up, proposing to use the question 'How many roads must a man walk down?' This is a line from Bob Dylan's song, ' Blowin' in the Wind'. Prior to this scene, in the same novel, the ship's computer onboard the Heart of Gold, unable to assist or prevent the ship's impending destruction with two nuclear missiles closing in on it, sings ' You'll Never Walk Alone' in the background, a Rodgers and Hammerstein hit from the musical Carousel which had been an early 1960s rock hit in the UK and then was adopted as a crowd chant by many football fans, in particular Liverpool supporters.

The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, the second novel in the series, is dedicated to the 1980 Paul Simon soundtrack album, One-Trick Pony. Adams says he played it 'incessantly' while writing the book. In one scene in the fourth novel, So Long, and Thanks For All the Fish, Arthur Dent listens to a Dire Straits LP and Adams goes on to pay tribute to their lead guitarist, Mark Knopfler. Adams later revealed that the particular song to which he refers in the book — although never by name — is 'Tunnel of Love', from the Making Movies album. And in the final novel, Mostly Harmless, Elvis is discovered playing in a diner attended by Ford Prefect and Arthur Dent, where he is simply known as 'The King'.

Besides modern rock music, Douglas Adams was a great admirer of the work of JS Bach, which provides a minor plot element in Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency. Adams was also good friends with The Monkees' Michael Nesmith. In the early 1990s, one of the aborted attempts to have The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy adapted into a movie would have had Nesmith as its producer.

Adams was also a major fan of The Beatles. He makes a reference to Paul McCartney in Life, The Universe, and Everything and quotes lyrics and titles from songs by The Beatles in Mostly Harmless and Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency. Adams also does this at least once in The Salmon of Doubt. In Chapter 3 there is a conversation between Kate and Dirk, which includes the following exchange:

'So?'

'I looked around and I noticed there wasn't a chair.'

Taken together, these two lines form a quotation from ' Norwegian Wood' on the Rubber Soul album.

Computer games and projects

Douglas Adams created an interactive fiction version of HHGG together with Steve Meretzky from Infocom in 1984. In 1986 he participated in a weeklong brainstorming session with the Lucasfilm Games team for the game Labyrinth. Later he was also involved in creating Bureaucracy (also by Infocom, but not based on any book). Adams was also responsible for the computer game Starship Titanic, which was published in 1999 by Simon and Schuster. Terry Jones wrote the accompanying book, entitled Douglas Adams’s Starship Titanic, since Adams was too busy with the computer game to do both. In April 1999, Adams initiated the h2g2 collaborative writing project, an experimental attempt at making The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy a reality.

In 1990, Adams wrote and presented a television documentary programme Hyperland which featured Tom Baker as a 'software agent' (similar to the 'Assistants' used in several versions of Microsoft Office, derived from their failed 'Bob' program), and interviews with Ted Nelson, which was essentially about the use of hypertext. Although Adams did not invent hypertext, he was an early adopter and advocate of it. This was the same year that Tim Berners-Lee used the idea of hypertext in his HTML.

The Dirk Gently series

In between Adams's first trip to Madagascar with Mark Carwardine in 1985, and their series of travels that formed the basis for the radio series and non-fiction book Last Chance to See, Adams wrote two other novels with a new cast of characters. Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency was first published in 1987, and was described by its author as 'a kind of ghost-horror-detective-time-travel-romantic-comedy-epic, mainly concerned with mud, music and quantum mechanics.' It received many rave reviews from American newspapers upon its publication in the USA. Adams borrowed a few ideas from two Doctor Who stories he had worked on: City of Death and Shada.

A sequel novel, The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul was published a year later. This was an entirely original work, Adams's first since So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish. Reviewers, however, were not as generous with praise for the second volume as they had been for the first. After the obligatory book tours, Adams was off on his round-the-world excursion which supplied him with the material for Last Chance to See.

Personal beliefs

Religion

Adams was a self-declared 'radical atheist', though he used the term for emphasis, so that he would not be asked if he in fact meant agnostic. He stated in an interview with American Atheists that this made things easier, but most importantly that it conveyed the fact that he really meant it, had thought about it a great deal, and that it was an opinion he held seriously. He was convinced that there is no God, having never seen one shred of evidence to convince him otherwise, and devoted himself instead to secular causes such as environmentalism. Despite this, he did state in the same interview that he was 'fascinated by religion.' [...] 'I love to keep poking and prodding at it. I’ve thought about it so much over the years that that fascination is bound to spill over into my writing.' His fascination he ascribed to the fact that so many 'otherwise rational... intelligent people... nevertheless take it [the existence of God] seriously'.

In The God Delusion, the evolutionary biologist and atheist Richard Dawkins repeatedly claims Adams as one of his 'converts' to atheism. Dawkins dedicated the book to Adams' memory.

One analogy that Adams put forward on the subject of religion was that of the 'sentient puddle'. This analogy is intended to refute the suggestion that the existence of God and His love for mankind would be proven by the fact that the world is perfectly designed for our needs. He compared such thinkers to an intelligent puddle of water. He said the puddle is pleased with itself and certain that the hole in the ground it occupies must have been designed specifically for it since it fits so well in it. The puddle looks up to the sun above and worships its divine benefactor. The fate of the puddle is to exist under the sun until it has entirely evaporated.

Environmental activism

Adams was also an environmental activist who campaigned on behalf of a number of endangered species. This activism included the production of the non-fiction radio series Last Chance to See, in which he and naturalist Mark Carwardine visited rare species such as the Kakapo, and the publication of a tie-in book of the same name. In 1992, this was made into a CD-ROM combination of audio book, e-book and picture slide show years before such things became fashionable.

Adams and Mark Carwardine contributed the 'Meeting a Gorilla' passage from Last Chance to See to the book The Great Ape Project. This book, edited by Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer launched a wider-scale project in 1993, which calls for the extension of moral equality to include all great apes, human or nonhuman.

In 1994 he climbed Mount Kilimanjaro while wearing a rhino suit for the British charity organization Save the Rhino. About £100,000 were raised through that event, benefiting schools in Kenya and a Black Rhinoceros preservation programme in Tanzania. Adams was also an active supporter of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund.

Since 2003, Save the Rhino has held an annual Douglas Adams Memorial Lecture around the time of his birthday to raise money for environmental campaigns. The lectures in the series are:

• 2003 Richard Dawkins — Queerer than we can suppose: the strangeness of science
• 2004 Robert Swan — on walking across Antarctica and his environmental work there
• 2005 Mark Carwardine — Last Chance to See… Just a bit more
• 2006 Robert Winston — Is the Human an Endangered Species?
• 2007 Richard Leakey — Wildlife Management in East Africa – Is there a future?

Technology

Adams was a serious fan of technology. Though he did not buy his first word processor until 1982, he had considered one as early as 1979. He was quoted as saying that until 1982, he had difficulties with 'the impenetrable barrier of jargon. Words were flying backwards and forwards without concepts riding on their backs.' In 1982, his first purchase was a 'Nexus'. In 1983, when he and Jane Belson went out to Los Angeles, he bought a DEC Rainbow. Upon their return to England, Adams bought an Apricot, then a BBC Micro and a Tandy 100. In Last Chance to See Adams mentions his Cambridge Z88, which he had taken to Zaire on a quest to find the Northern White Rhinoceros.

Adams's posthumously published work, The Salmon of Doubt, features multiple articles written by Douglas on the subject of technology, including reprints of articles that originally ran in MacUser magazine, and in The Independent on Sunday newspaper. In these, Adams claims that one of the first computers he ever saw was a Commodore PET, and that his love affair with the Apple Macintosh first began after seeing one at Infocom's headquarters in Massachusetts in 1983 (though that was actually very likely an Apple Lisa).

Adams was a Macintosh user from the time they first came out in 1984 until his death in 2001. He was the second person to buy a Mac in the UK (the first being Stephen Fry - though some accounts differ on this, saying Adams bought the first two, and Fry bought the third). Adams was also an 'Apple Master,' one of several celebrities whom Apple made into spokespeople for its products (other Apple Masters included John Cleese and Gregory Hines). Adams's contributions included a rock video that he created using the first version of iMovie with footage featuring his daughter Polly. The video can still be seen on Adams's .Mac homepage. Adams even installed and started using the first release of Mac OS X in the weeks leading up to his death. His very last post to his own forum was in praise of Mac OS X and the possibilities of its Cocoa programming framework. Adams can also be seen in the Omnibus tribute included with the Region One/NTSC DVD release of the TV adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide using Mac OS X (version 10.0.x) on his PowerBook G3.

Adams used e-mail extensively from the technology's infancy, adopting a very early version of e-mail to correspond with Steve Meretzky during the pair's collaboration on Infocom's version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. While living in New Mexico in 1993 he set up another e-mail address and began posting to his own USENET newsgroup, alt.fan.douglas-adams, and occasionally, when his computer was acting up, to the comp.sys.mac hierarchy. Many of his posts are now archived through Google. Challenges to the authenticity of his messages later led Adams to set up a message forum on his own website to avoid the issue.

Personal life

In the early 1980s, Adams had an affair with married novelist Sally Emerson, to whom he dedicated his book Life, the Universe, and Everything. Emerson returned to her husband after splitting with Adams in 1981, and Adams was soon afterward introduced by friends to Jane Belson, with whom he later became romantically involved. Belson was the 'lady barrister' mentioned in the jacket-flap biography printed in his books during the mid-1980s ('He [Adams] lives in Islington with a lady barrister and an Apple Macintosh'). The two lived in Los Angeles together during 1983 while Adams worked on an early screenplay adaptation of Hitchhiker's. When the deal fell through, they moved to London, and after several separations ('He is currently not certain where he lives, or with whom') and an aborted engagement, they were married on 25 November 1991. Adams and Belson had one daughter together, Polly Jane Rocket Adams, born on 22 June 1994, in the year that Adams turned 42. In 1999, the family moved from London to Santa Barbara, California, where they lived until Adams's death. Following his funeral, Jane Belson and Polly Adams returned to London, where they currently reside.

Death

Adams died of a heart attack at the age of 49 on Friday 11 May 2001, while working out at a private gym in Montecito, California. He suffered a narrowing of the coronary arteries which led to a myocardial infarction and a fatal cardiac arrhythmia. He was survived by his wife Jane and daughter Polly. His funeral was held on 16 May 2001 in Santa Barbara, California. Several friends and people he had worked with were in attendance. His ashes were placed in Highgate Cemetery in north London that June.

A memorial service was held on 17 September 2001 at St. Martin-in-the-Fields Church, Trafalgar Square, London. This became the first church service of any kind broadcast live on the web by the BBC. Video clips of the service are still available on the BBC's website for download.

In May 2002, The Salmon of Doubt was published, containing many short stories, essays, and letters, as well as eulogies from Richard Dawkins, Stephen Fry (in the UK edition), Christopher Cerf (in the U.S. edition), and Terry Jones (in the U.S. paperback edition). It also includes eleven chapters of his long-awaited but unfinished novel, The Salmon of Doubt, which was possibly to become a new Dirk Gently novel, Hitchhiker novel or original fiction.

Other events after Adams's death included the completion of Shada, radio dramatizations of the final three books in the Hitchhiker's series, and the completion of the film adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.

Biographies

His official biography, Wish You Were Here, by Nick Webb, was published on 6 October 2003 ( ISBN 0-7553-1155-8).

Another biography is Hitchhiker: a Biography of Douglas Adams (2003) by M. J. Simpson, with a foreword (in the UK edition) by John Lloyd ( ISBN 0-340-82488-3). The American edition contains a foreword by Neil Gaiman ( ISBN 1-932112-17-0).

Upon the mutual discovery that Webb and Simpson were both working on new posthumous biographies, the two authors agreed that the former would focus on Adams's life and personality, and the latter on his work.

The BBC produced a tribute as part of their TV series Omnibus. It was first broadcast on BBC 2 on 4 August 2001, presented by Kirsty Wark. The programme included interviews with Stephen Fry, Clive Anderson, Terry Jones, Griff Rhys Jones, Richard Dawkins and John Lloyd, among others. A copy is included with the Region One DVD release of the Hitchhiker's Guide TV series.

A movie documentary, Life, The Universe and Douglas Adams, was released in 2002, directed and produced by Rick Mueller and Joel Greengrass. Archive footage of Adams is generously included, as well as interviews with Adams's friends, colleagues and family. This documentary was narrated by Neil Gaiman and is available on VHS tape.

Earlier biographies include:

• Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion (1988, 1993, 2002), Neil Gaiman et al. Reissued October 2003 ( ISBN 1-84023-742-2) with new chapters by M. J. Simpson and David K. Dickson.
• The Unofficial Guide to the Hitchhiker's Guide (2001), M. J. Simpson. Published the same year as The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker's Guide in the UK ( ISBN 1-903047-40-4). A second, revised edition was published in 2005 in the UK, with new material ( ISBN 1-904048-46-3).

Works

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy on audio and video: The original 12 radio episodes (from 1978 and 1980) are available in CD sets from BBC Audio (as The Primary & Secondary Phases), as well as on a single MP3-CD. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy was the first radio series released on Compact Disc and on MP3-CD, respectively, by the then BBC Radio Collection. The three additional phases adapted from the last three books in the series are available from BBC Audio. The Tertiary Phase was broadcast on BBC Radio 21 September to 26 October 2004, whilst The Quandary Phase was broadcast 3 May to 24 May 2005, and The Quintessential Phase followed immediately afterward, from 31 May through 21 June 2005. A script book for the original 12 episodes has been published, and a new script book for the final 14 episodes was published in July 2005. BBC Audio released a CD boxset containing all 26 episodes in October 2005. An Audio DVD for each of the three 2004-2005 series, in 5.1 surround sound, are also planned for release in 2006, starting in October, per Dirk Maggs. These DVD-Audio discs will be a first for BBC Audio. The six episode TV adaptation is also available from the BBC (or its distributors, e.g. Warner Home Video in the USA and Canada) on VHS and DVD.

Novels in the Hitchhiker series

• The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1979)
• The Restaurant at the End of the Universe (1980)
• Life, the Universe and Everything (1982)
• So Long, and Thanks For All the Fish (1984)
• Mostly Harmless (1992)

All of the above are also available as unabridged audio books, read by Adams. These were preceded by abridged audio books of the first four novels, read by Stephen Moore. To tie in with the film release, The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy is also available as an audiobook read by Stephen Fry. Martin Freeman, who portrayed Arthur Dent in the movie adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide, has recorded audiobook editions of the last four books in the series, to be released between June and December 2006.

The Dirk Gently series

• Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency (1987)
• The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul (1988)

Adams himself recorded an abridged audiobook adaptation of the first novel in this series in the 1980s. The sequel was performed by Simon Jones, also in an abridged adaptation. Both were released by Simon and Schuster Audioworks in the United States, and are out of print. Adams, a decade later, recorded unabridged adaptations of both novels, which are both available in six CD sets.

Other books

• The Meaning of Liff (1983, with John Lloyd)
• The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts (1985, with Geoffrey Perkins)
• The Utterly Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book (1986, edited by Douglas Adams and Peter Fincham), which includes
  • Young Zaphod Plays it Safe (also printed in a slightly reworked version in The Wizards of Odd, The Salmon of Doubt, and several omnibus editions of Hitchhiker)
  • The Private Life of Genghis Khan, also available in the first edition of The Salmon of Doubt, though later removed due to copyright issues
  • A Christmas Fairly Story [ sic] by Douglas Adams and Terry Jones
  • A 'Supplement to The Meaning of Liff' with John Lloyd and Stephen Fry
• The Deeper Meaning of Liff (1990, with John Lloyd; extended version of The Meaning of Liff)
• Last Chance to See (1991, with Mark Carwardine, non-fictional account of several trips to see endangered species; according to a piece in The Salmon of Doubt, this book gave Adams the most satisfaction, if not the highest sales. An abridged audiobook version read by Adams was also released.)
• The Illustrated Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1994)
• Douglas Adams's Starship Titanic (1997, written by Terry Jones (who insists he wrote the whole thing while in the nude), based on an idea by Douglas Adams; also available as an audiobook, read by Terry Jones)
• The Salmon of Doubt (2002), unfinished novel manuscript (11 chapters), short stories, essays, and interviews (also available as an audiobook, read by Simon Jones)

Other works

• The Pirate Planet - a Doctor Who serial first broadcast in 1978, available on VHS and DVD
• City of Death - a Doctor Who serial, cowritten with Graham Williams, based on a story by David Fisher, first broadcast in October 1978, available on VHS and DVD.
• Shada - a Doctor Who serial, originally intended to be broadcast in January/February 1980. Available footage released on video in 1992. A complete, animated form was made available on the web in 2003, and on CD later that same year.
• The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (computer game) (1984, with Steve Meretzky)
• Bureaucracy (computer game) (1987)
• Hyperland (TV documentary) (1990)
• Starship Titanic (computer game) (1998)
• The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Future (radio series) (2001)

In 2004, BBC Audio published a 3-CD set entitled Douglas Adams at the BBC, which covers the author's work from 1974 to 2003, including posthumous projects and tributes. The CD is again narrated by Simon Jones.

Tributes and honorifics

• There is an official appreciation society (fan club) named ZZ9 Plural Z Alpha after the sector of the galaxy in which The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy says the planet Earth is located.
• 18610 Arthurdent is a small main belt asteroid. Felix Hormuth discovered it on February 7, 1998. It is named after Arthur Dent, the bewildered hero of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The name was officially published and announced by the Minor Planet Centre of the International Astronomical Union on either 9 May or 10 May 2001 (accounts differ).
• On January 25, 2005, it was announced that asteroid with preliminary designation 2001 DA₄₂ had been named 25924 Douglasadams in his honour. It was chosen because it referenced the year of Adams's death, his initials and the number ' 42'.
• Every May 25, Towel Day is celebrated in recognition of Adams's genius.
• In various British Universities, notably Oxford, York and Exeter, student societies, known as a 'Douglas Adams Society', or ' DougSoc' for short, were formed to honour the spirit engendered in Adams' works.
• Deep Thought is a chess computer developed by IBM and named after the fictional computer in the The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.

Because of the popularity of various versions of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, references to the works have appeared in a number of media in popular culture. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy cultural references lists a number of these.

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The Naked Truth about Speaker-Cables

Bananas, bananas. More lengths of cable talk we have to do....

[Italian version]

Well folks, it has been a while since I have written about Cables.So, if you don't believe in Cables, or if you have bought thelatest boutique Wire and want to remain happy with your Purchase,you best stop reading now....

This 'naked Truth about Speaker-Cables' could be seenas second installment to 'The Naked Truth about Interconnect-Cables'. It deals with a few more of the issues around Cables in generaland focuses on Speaker-Cables.
The DIY-part will attempt to provide a simple, inexpensive andeasy to make Speaker-Cable. It will nevertheless, due to its inherentconstruction, provide a significant improvement over most commercialSpeaker-Cables and if I dare say so myself, even over the TNT-StarDIY Speaker-Cable.

Quantum Tunnel Of Love Mac Os Catalina

Anyone intending to save the dry theory and just wanting to getstuck in with making cables; you can go ahead and make one outof these two:
A Cable intended to be an all out Assault on the state of theArt, the 'UBYTE-2' Cable .
Alternatively you can keep it a bit simpler and more sane. Just make the 'FFRC' (Full Frequency Range Cable). This is a Cable intended to be a significant Upgrade over something like the common, moderately expensive, multi-stranded Cable generally employed and sold as 'Specialist Speaker-Cable'.

The stark naked and ugly truth

I think first of all it is important to realise that VERY fewso called Cable Manufacturers really make their own Wire and Cable.More often the actual wire employed is only a slightly customisedversion of what any of the large cable and wire making companies like Beldenproduce.

In more than a few cases I have seen Cables, were the 'customisation'actually meant a Jacket in the latest Designer-colour and somefancy print. Some Companies do exist, which do a lot of fundamentalresearch and often make some or all components for their Cablein their own Factories.

The numbers are however VERY few, as such an approach requiresa lot of capital to be invested. Other Companies have found byaccident or research a certain commercially made cable or wire which worked very well. They strated to market a cable based on this and later managed to have this Wire improved by adjusting it to their Spec.

In many cases I have found that the price cannot be taken as indicatoras to how and by whom the Cable you are buying has actually beenmanufactured. So I think it is fair and true (but very uncomfortable)to say that most specialist 'HiFi-Cables' are an exercisein marketing to about 95 % and maybein Research for 5%.
Please remember, not all companies selling specialist HiFi-Cables are guilty of these practices, but many are. Please also note that in my following Article I do mention a number of companies making or selling HiFi-cables.
Their inclusion does not constitue as such an endorsement of their products or indeed a statement to the contrary. It is simply that their products are well known and often are typical for a specific design-technique mentioned.

Cables - are they different?

So what makes the average High-End Cable tick and what can beconsidered as 'universally' good?
I divide audible effects affecting the performance of the Cableinto three Orders. They are the First, Second and Third in orderof Importance and sonic impact. See 'The Naked Truth about Interconnect-Cables' for a more detailed description of these orders of effects.

It should be noted that depending on external and interface conditionssecond order effects and first order effects can sometimes changeplaces in terms of magnitude....
I would propose, that the usual RLC parameters (as with Resistance[R] , Inductance [L] and Capacitance [C] ) should be viewed asfirst order effects, though not in all situations each parametercarries the same weighting.

Let's have an example for the different weighting in RLC Parameters,due to the relevant source and load impedance's. In Interconnectsthe source-impedance is between a few ohms and a few kilo-ohmand load impedance between 10 kilo-ohm and about 1 mega-ohm (bothusually mostly resistive).

As a result the Capacitance (C) is a prevalent characteristicwith Resistance (R) and Inductance (L) relegated usually BELOWmost second Order Effects in their magnitude of sonic impact.
A second order effect, the Dielectric Absorbtion (DA) becomeshere a first order effect in audible magnitude. So the main parametersfor Interconnects are C and DA as long as R and L are kept insane regions (see 'The naked Truth about Interconnects').
The Skin effect remains relevant (but firmly in the second OrderCamp) as does the Maxwell Effect (more on both later).
The limitation in bandwidth is mostly effected by the LowpassFilter composed out of the source-impedance and the cable's capacitance.A Bandwidth of about 100 kHz is desirable for this interface tomake sure that the phase-shift and frequency response drop at20 kHz remain acceptable.
The DA will determine time-smear and distortion of the Cable togetherwith further second order effect and the third order effects.....

Let's look at Speaker-Cables.

Here the impedance's are, a source impedance of about 0.1 Ohmto about 8 ohm. It is mostly resistive with small inductive componentand the load is 2-16 Ohm average impedance but has large reactivevariations. Most Speakers also show an about 50 uH - 100 uH residualinductance from the uncompensated tweeter inductance.

Thus, unlike as in Interconnects, the Capacitance and DA can (mostly)be relegated into the second Order Camp. Due to the low impedance'sin the load and the Source impedance of the Amplifier, the R andL of the Speaker Cable become highly relevant.

The Skin and Maxwell-Effects are being promoted from second ordereffect to first order Status. The bandwidth of the Cable and thefrequency-dependent phaseshift will be a direct function of theseparameters.
The Situation is complicated by the fact that certain amplifiersare very sensitive to capacitive components in the Speaker-load(NVA, NAIM, Linn to name a few culprits). So with Speaker-Cablesindeed many bet's are off.

It seems that for Speaker-cables a low but matched R and L (sothat the attenuation remains constant with Frequency over theAudio-band) is desirable combined with a low Capacitance and highquality dielectric.
It is essential that the Skin-effect and the Maxwell-effect aretaken into account.
>From my simulations and practical tests it also seems desirableto allow for an optional Speakerside 'Terminator' Network.This should compensate the Inductive Rise of the Tweeter if required(depends on the Cables RL Values and the Speakers X-Over Design).
It may also be advisable to build into the Cable an (optional)Pi-Network at the Amplifier Side. This will ensure the stableoperation of even the most 'Hairshirt' designed Amplifiersand prevent RF Ingress into the Amplifiers feedback loop (if anyis used) via the output.

First, Second - Third - who cares as long as we get to the Finish....

Having already touched on the Second Order Effects, let's lookat some of these effects and how to avoid the negative influence of these.

The possibly most objectionable second order effect is due to the choice of the conductor. Here we could be using multiple non-individually insulated Conductors or the use of so called 'solid core' cable.
A specific form of the Solid Core Cable is the so called 'Litzendraht'a braid made from individually insulated (enameled) conductors.
True 'Litzendraht' (Litz-wire) is braided similar toKimber Cable and was originally invented by Nicola Tesla WAY BACKin time. Modern realisations are often called 'Hyper-Litz'arrangements, why the 'Hyper-Litz' I do not know.
Because these cables eschew the braiding and instead use simple parallel wires, they loose the Litzwire's advantage of canceling the wires magneticfield to a good degree....
Now let's look at the typical multistranded speaker-cable, which may be the well-known 'Monster Speaker-Cable' or the many clones sold by anyone from Radioshack/Tandy to Wall-mart.
This uses a large number of non individual insulated copper conductors twisted together for each Conductor. It is usually sheathed in transparent or clear PVC or PU. The Geometry is the so called figure-8 pattern, also called shotgun configuration.
Multistranded conductors have a problem. In an Ideal world, no electrons would ever 'cross' the boundaries between the individual conductors. In the real world they do that all time.
(see Article Quantum Tunnel of Love, issue 8a,9a/92 of Bound for Sound)

Both the huge metal-to-metal surfaces themselves, crystal grain boundaries and surface oxidation make the interstrand conduction much less linear than conduction through pure copper.
In effect we introduce something not entirely unlike (but alsonot entirely like) the crossover distortion of a Solid State ClassB Amplifier.
A solid copper conductor or a Litz-type wire will still have somenon-linear conduction due to impurities and Grain-boundaries,but these are much less in magnitude.
Our next stops are Skin- and Maxwell- Effect.
The skin effect says that with rising AC frequency the electronflow is being pushed more and more to the outer surface of theConductor.
It does not matter if a Conductor is 12 Gauge solid Copper, or a Conductor of a 12 Gauge multi-stranded Cable ('Monster-Cable'), both will appear as 12-Gauge solid Copper round conductors.
So, the higher the frequency, the more of the signal conduction will happen in the outer layers of the cabel.
The conventional cables multistranded conductor will show even moreproblems, due the non-linear interstrand conduction near the surface,the presence of surface oxidisation and the like. Can you spellTreble Grit....?
For all it is worth, the Skindepth for a round Copper Conductorat 20 kHz is about equivalent to the Diameter of a 20 AWG Conductor.
At this depth from the conductors surface the current densityis 63 %. Hence a 20 Gauge conductor should not experience skin-effectrelated problems below 20 kHz. As I have already mentioned the100 kHz Bandwidth Requirement we should really expand this toapply to the Skin effect.

It should be noted that the remaining current-flow betweenthis depth and the surface is heavily skewed towards the surface of the conductor, so in more ways then one we'd rather like as thin a solid conductor as feasible.
It appears that 24 to 26 Gauge individual conductors make fora good compromise between bandwidth and manufacturing requirements(or the ability to adapt readily available commercial wire forSpeaker-cables).

The Maxwell Effect works at the other end of the Spectrum (bass)and is a bit harder to explain. I will not even try. Read thePaper Prof. Malcom Hawkesford submitted to AES (Audio EngineeringSociety) if you feel like doing a bit of serious mathematical self abuse.
The Upshot is that a thin conductor will also IMPROVE the LOW-ENDperformance. Hence the Conductor providing the widest bandwidth (measured and subjective) all else being equal is the thinner one.
A thin conductor introduces a lot of resistance, giving us problemswith the Series Resistance in our Cable.

So we to use for example flat, thin and wide Foil Conductors to get the resistance down to a sensible level for Speaker-Connections as implemented for example by Goertz Cable, Sonolith and Magnan Cables.
Another option is to arrange a lot of thin individual Conductorsin a Litz or 'Hyper-Litz' pattern (XLO, Audioquest,Cardas, Kimber and Tara).
Either solution provides us usually with some problems regardingthe Cables Geometry and hence often the RLC Parameters are shiftedin ways that are undesirable.

Let's summarise:

A (universally) good Speaker-Cable has a low Resistance and Inductance(though a certain balancing Act is recommended for Speakers witha non-resistive impedance) and moderately low Capacitance.

It will ideally employ multiples of very thin round Conductorswith individual insulation or use thin Foils.
It will not use multistranded Conductors and it will minimiseboth Skin- and Maxwell- Effects.

And where do the DIY Cables fit in?

The UBYTE-2 Cable, developed by me, conforms to most conditions.
An exception is that about one third of the Conductor-CSA (cross-sectionalArea) for each 'leg' is made up from 18-Gauge Solidround copper. This will restrict the Bandwidth of Cable slightly,but helps to utilise a relatively easily available commercialcoaxial wire and to achieve a reasonably low DCR.

The outer copper Foil Conductor carries the major load of thecurrent and conforms to the solid and thin model.
The specific geometry (as developed by Jon M. Risch) allows fora fairly good set of RLC parameters.
For a 5m Length of Speakercable there is about 0.1 Ohm DCR combinedwith about 1uH Inductance. The Capacitance is around 800 pF for5m.
Into a resistive 6 ohm load (respective of most modern tweeters+ Zobel) load that will allow a - 3dB Bandwidth in excess of 300 kHz.
The maximum frequency response deviation over the 20 Hz to 20kHz frequency range for a Speaker falling to a 4 Ohm Minimum will be about -0.2 dB. This will be at the 4 Ohm minimum, as compared to an infinite load impedance.
So a DC to 60 kHz bandwidth with a +/-0.1 dB deviation from the1 kHz point and minimal phase response deviation should be possibleinto a compensated Loudspeaker. The compensation may be part ofthe Cable if required.
That is not very good, but I think it a tolerable technical performance. In many cases the Output impedance of the driving Amplifier will produce larger errors. Many expensive commercial cables do not remotely achieve this standard of performance.

Also the FFRC - 'Full Frequency Range Cable' is stillvery good with respect to fulfilling the requirements for highquality Audio.

The use of multiple individually insulated conductors of 24-Gauge thickness guarantees freedom from the effects of non-linear conduction as found in multistranded cables. The tickness is such that any skin-effect related problems are pushed out of the audiorange.
With a high quality insulation and a geometry to minimise inductance and capacitance even the lowly FFRC still is miles ahead of all multistranded cables, regardless of make or price.
I have carried out an extensive series of Measurements and PSpiceSimulation that included popular Cables (like Kimber 4TC, GoertzMI-2, Cable Talk 3 and Reson LS-350 and others). These confirmed that both into a matched and an unmatched simulated Speaker-load the 'UBYTE-2' Cable will give the overall flattest response.

The FFRC is not that far behind, but is solidly beaten by theGoertz MI-2 and ever so slightly by the Kimber 4TC.
The rest of the Cables was just terrible.
A partial exception was interestingly the Reson LS-350, a verythin Cable with a pair of widely spaced thin and solid conductors.
This cable has a high series-resistance and inductance. Most people and reviewers take an instant dislike to this cable because of the thinness of it's conductors. Yet it's bandwidth into a real-world Speaker was surprisingly large.

However with its rather thin cross-section it will likely notmake a good match with quite a number of speakers, so as a universally applicable speaker-cable, it is not too well suited.
Hence I think it can be said that the basic engineering for boththe 'UBYTE-2' and the 'FFRC' is sound andfit for the purpose.

The fact that it outperforms on measurements and listening testsalmost any sensibly priced Speakercable on the Market earns the'UBYTE' (Usually Beats Your Terrible Engineering) tagfor the 'UBYTE-2' Speaker-cable.
In combination with (optional) Speaker- and Amplifier-Side Networkswe can match this Cable to almost any conceivable combinationof Equipment.

Various 'audiophile' construction details (Air/PolyethyleneDielectric, Solid Conductors, Foil Conductors and the like) addressmany suspected but scientifically largely unconfirmed effects,detrimental to sound quality.
The UBYTE-2 has yet to bettered by a commercially available Cablein the Mid-Price Range up to at least 30-50 Dollar Meter. Ihave not yet been able to try even more expensive cables in ahead to head test....

In comparison, the 'FFRC' is only 'good'.Its main advantage is material cost below many of even the most basic'Speaker-Cables' with a performance more akin to serious'High-End' Cable.... It also is much easier to make.

Where do we go from here?

With the above, regardless if care to make your own High-End Speaker-Cableor to use what you might have learned to avoid the worst pitfallsof buying expensive Speaker-Cables, you should be well equipped....

The next time around I will be talking about the biggest gripein High-End Cables.

Something few people of any remotely engineering related background would put any Stock in.
I will be talking about Mains-Cables.... And Mains conditioning.
Until then, good tunes to all of you....

© Copyright 1998 Thorsten Loesch and TNT-Audio

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